Reflection David Cole on Dr. Fraciszek Piper’s Information Essay Example

Reflection: David Cole on Dr. Fraciszek Piper’s Information Paper Name: Course: Tutor: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection: David Cole on Dr. Fraciszek Piper’s Information specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection: David Cole on Dr. Fraciszek Piper’s Information specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection: David Cole on Dr. Fraciszek Piper’s Information specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reflection: David Cole on Dr. Fraciszek Piper’s Information In his quest of finding out what really took place in the largest concentration camp ran by the Germans in Auschwitz, Poland, David Cole takes a trip to Auschwitz, Europe. This 1992 trip took place in order to investigate the proof held that the mass murder in the gas chambers were unquestionable. In the series of videos, Cole raises the inconsistencies of the stories or the proof given by the tour guides and what he had read in the books concerning the Holocaust. For example, he raises concern when there is a contradiction in Elisha’s story (tour guide) and the guide supervisor’s story concerning the holes on the roof and the structure of the chamber. The tour guide said that the holes were originally there while the supervisor stated that the holes were put after the war. The tour guide also said that there were no partitioning walls present while the structure showed evidence of partitioned walls that were once there but removed. Although the mass murders in the main concentration camps have been taught as the unquestionable truth for many years, Cole, among other revisionists, have brought a new perception on the topic and shown that what was known to be unquestionable can be questionable. As earlier stated, the holes where the Zyklon B gas was said to be passed through may have been put after the war by the Soviet Union in order to authenticate their murder story. Cole further proves that the chamber may not have been originally a chamber, but rooms that were used as bathrooms. There were manholes present and the evidence of partitioning walls that had been destroyed. Cole also shows a number of restructurings that may have taken place either during the war or post the war. Although Cole states that the only evidence available is from witnesses whose information may lack credibility, it is also significant to take notice of the evidence from these witnesses may be as important. What they say is what they saw. If it were a few survivors giving contradicting information, then it would be proven otherwise. However, many survivors have information that suggested the existence of such mass murders. However, the numbers of deaths may have been exaggerated. It was estimated that the death toll was over four million people. However, Dr. Franciszek Piper, a great revisionist of the Holocaust, confirmed that the numbers were approximately 1.1 million deaths. Dr. Piper gives an explanation of how the restructuring took place. According to Dr. Piper’s explanation, after the liberation, the gas chamber was restructured in order to act as an air shelter. It was then restructured once more in order to gain the view of the original 1941-1942 gas chamber. This is why there seems to be wall partitions in the main chamber. The holes in the roofs were also restructured and that is why they do not look original. Although Cole gives his own doubts concerning the chamber and the alleged transfer of prisoners’ bodies to Birkenau, there is more to be revealed about the existence of the gas chambers and the Holocaust incidences. All these witnesses may not have just decided to pick a story and tell all on their own without having a reason to. Cole argues that the presence of the pictures of piles of shoes and clothing may have been from the prisoners since they were given clothing and shoes on arrival. The Zyklon B was used to control lice and other pests among the inmates. This may be true. Nevertheless, Cole must also observe that the clothes and the shoes may have come from the prisoners who may have entered the chambers under the pretense that they were going to take a bath, as revisionists write in the various books. As he says at the beginning of the puzzle, this is only a piece of a larger puzzle.

Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement Essays - Child Development

Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement Essays - Child Development Piaget Theory Of Cognitive Developement There are two classical theories of cognitive development. The one that I will focus on is Piagets theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget, a Swiss, educated, mollusk biologist lived from 1896 to 1980. He hypothesized that learning is a physical, biological function of dealing with successfully with the environment. (Phillips, 1998) This is the basis for his theory. Looking at Piagets theory of cognitive development in more detail we find that he based it on two biological tendencies. The two tendencies are organization, and adaption. Organization as Piaget saw it said that humans are designed to organize their observations and experiences into coherent sets of meanings. ( Eggen, 1999) This organization of observation makes the thinking process more efficient. If a person can put the things they observe in some sort of order the easier it is to remember and apply their observations. If we did not organize our observations and experiences we would have little bits of information floating around in our brains with no connection between them. Adaption is according to Piagets theory is the tendency to adjust to the environment. Adaption is a process by which we create matches between our original observations and new ones that might not exactly fit together. Our original observations and conceptions are called our schemas. To adapt to new observations and experiences into our schemas we use one of two techniques. We can assimilate that information by putting it together with old schemas or conceptions. If the observations dont fit nicely into our existing schemas we use the second of the adaption techniques. We accommodate or change our schema to fit our observation. Piaget never said that our schemas had to be right or wrong. Our schemas are based on our own observations and experiences. ( Eggen, 1999) We adapt to things because we are driven by the urge to have things fit together or to be in what Piaget calls equilibrium. As we use our adaption and organization we constantly get things to fit together. There is other biological functions that also help in cognitive development. Normal growth of a person helps a person to adapt and perceive things better. Social interaction is also a biotic factor in cognitive development. Humans use other humans to check their own schemas with others. We learn to use others thought relationships to help them fit their schemas together better. Piaget used the two biological tendencies and other biological functions of humans to come up with four stages of cognitive development .( Eggen, 1999) Piaget said that each developing human must go through each stage in order. The first stage is the sensory-motor stage. The approximate age of the humans in this stage is birth to 2 years. Piaget says that children learn through manipulating concrete materials. Half-way through this stage the child has the ability to know that when an object leaves their view they dont cease to exist they still are part of the physical world. This is the concept of object permanence. It also allows the child to hold a concept in their mind. The Second stage of Piagets cognitive development is the pre-operational stage. This stage occurs from 2 - 7 years of age and in it children master many symbols and concrete concepts. In this stage the child is also very egocentric. They have a hard time looking at more than one characteristic of the object their experiencing. In the third stage called the concrete-operational stage, children age 7- 11 start to think logically, learn about the law of conservation, and serial ordering. Conservation is the concept that matter is always the same despite the change in shape of an object. Serial ordering is being able to recognize that things can be put in order. The forth and final stage is the formal-operational stage. From age 12 to adult, learners are able to think abstractly about real objects. They also use reasoning and logic to think abstractly about those objects. In this highest of the stage of development learners start to use complex language forms such as metaphors and the like. There are some weak points of Piagets theory. The first is that Piaget underestimated childrens capabilities. Most children mover through the first two stages much faster than Piaget said they would. On the other hand the last two stages Piaget overestimated the abilities of humans to master the stage. We must realize that because of

Measures That Can Be Taken By Organization to Avoid Compulsory Essay

Measures That Can Be Taken By Organization to Avoid Compulsory Redundancy - Essay Example (Francis, 2001) At first, it is necessary to prepare a plan, reflecting strategy of carrying out redundancy, and the reasons for this measure. This plan is to be detailed and accurate and it should provide unity of managers' actions. Redundancy should not be selective or optional; it should be based on many objective factors, like skills or experience. Clear and objective criteria of selection demonstrate that the process is clear and all the employees have equal rights and position. (Burr, 1991) It is necessary to remember that such factor as past productivity of each employee is not objective. It may be regarded as beneficial for the company, but the result will be based upon appraisal of past performance that might have been carried out incorrectly throughout the company. (Ogden, 2004) It is known that the case of redundancy is one of the most painful events that may be experienced by the worker. Redundancy announcement inevitably affects his moral condition, work-related behavior, productivity and individual motivation. It is known Popular methods applied to avoid redundancy It is known that compulsory redundancy is one of possible measures taken in case business faces various problems. Of course, the company should observe and consider all measures that could resolve these problems, that could change business concept and that all causes of competitiveness loss were examined. "Failing to address workforce issues and driving the company into bankruptcy thus losing all jobs does not make sense". (Benyon, p. 14) There are some strategies that are regarded as the alternatives to compulsory redundancy. The specialists provide for the following list of these strategies: Natural wastage is non-hiring new workers in case old employees retire or leave the company, thus, reducing the number of employees. It can be effective where reductions are required across the entire workforce and over a prolonged period. Drawbacks include, the most able leave, attracting new talent causes resentment and turnover continues after achieving the desired workforce level. Stopping overtime - can be effective if it has become part of normal working practice. Drawbacks include, the differing impact on workforce groups and the subsequent difficulty in getting exceptional work requirements met. Early retirement measures - offer early retirement to volunteers. Drawbacks include the loss of some of the most experienced staff. Terminating temporary contracts - can be relatively quick to implement . Drawbacks can include insecurity for some workers, loss of supplier confidence and contractual penalties. Retraining or redeployment - this should always be explored in depth. It is more cost effective than compensation, recruitment and induction costs." Internal recruitment Recruitment freeze (Edwards, p. 50) Internal recruitment Internal recruitment is described as the situation "when a business recruits one of their current employees for another job within the business. For example, a person working on the cash desk of a shop might

Pop-culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pop-culture - Essay Example The print and the electronic media, entertainment tools like music and television, have done absolute justice to the job of brainwashing the impressionable minds of youth. Traditional culture and ideology have traditionally been the binding forces of the society, but in the contemporary age, spirit of the youth is being systematically destroyed by the onslaught of popular culture. The traditionalists and the modernists are permanently at war over approaches to social issues. While the modernists are positive that their endeavors are directed at development of a new society, the traditionalists lament about the steady demise of the indigenous values. A world of interconnectedness is slowly emerging and no one can precisely estimate how circumstances would shape up in the future. However, a strong view prevails that this interconnectedness is heading toward decay of moral and ethical values rather than leading to the path of cohesion and prosperity. In its attempt to pursue individual happiness, the younger generation has compromised societal values and become distracted and clueless. Ill effects of their activities mostly outweigh their honest dispositions and merits. An offshoot of the popular culture viz. the growth of Jazz provides an example. Jazz music arrived like an avalanche on the American media and became omnipresent in no time. Its growth was not contemplated, like the spread of greenery in the thick jungles of Amazon. The sapling of Jazz grew as it was watered with the agony of the black people. The roots of jazz can be traced back to the times of slavery when slave work songs were made as ‘call-and-response’ to narrate stories for pastime. These songs reflected the blacks’ internal rebellion against the sufferings and cruelties inflicted on them by the white race. Black people brought with them jazz to the big cities as they started to migrate to Chicago and New York with

The Influence of Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Influence of Family - Essay Example This influence is often reflected in the childhood and adult life of the child. According to various researches, it has been proved that, children always associate themselves with the problems of the parent and worry about these issues even if they are not part of the problem. This is a regular experience faced by families which have divorced. This is the main reason why individuals ask themselves if the family can influence the way they think, act and feel in the society. It is true that the family plays a significant role in the way individuals behave in the family and society. Every concept an individual adopts are learned from the family. For instance, everything a child learns is always influenced from his or her parenthood and how they reacted to their parents. Parents are good people to emulate as they are familiar with what life entails. This is due to their life experiences. They are essential in teaching their children what they have learned, how they should act, think and feel about the modern society. However, some parents are not good role models to their children. As in the case of Cary, whose life will be discussed in the papers’ body, her mother was never a role model. Her mother was full of hatred and brought her up in a manner that she never liked. As such, she vowed to bring her children up in a manner that was completely different from her mothers. However, Cary’s mother case contradicts the claim that mothers are the primary caregivers. Mothers are considered as the primary care givers and consequently being viewed as the most influential to the child’s life. However, recent psychoanalytical studies have shown that fathers have a major role to play in influencing the behaviors and thinking of their children. The parent’s behavior can be explained from their past experiences or prominent figures in the society which they look up to and desire their children to emulate. Young maternal age is usually associated to with harsh and abusive parenting (Smithbattle 521) which can be explained by the fact that most young mothers are mostly poor and at risk of social isolation. They also go through depression and stress making them harsh and abusive parenting. However, these are not usually the only factors affecting the influence that a parent has to his children. Some parents may have prominent figures in the society who they want their children to grow up to emulate and they therefore train them to be like to people. Griffin also brings out the fact that a parent’s control over the family can have an influence on the child’s life (Griffin 302). A child whose parents exercise full control of every aspect at home grows to learn what ask and what not to ask. In exercising so much control in the family, children may not feel good while within the family and when faced by a problem they withdraw to cry alone as seen in Laura’s family (Griffin 307). Apart from the influence one gets from the family, the society plays a great role in influencing a person’s behavior. Moreover, after getting to a certain age, one starts becoming self aware and it is at this time that they start erasing whatever they do not need and developing their desired qualities. The essay on the loss of a creature by Percy tries to expound on the influence of the past knowledge and experiences to the sightseer in their visit to the tourist sites. According to Percy (2), precedent experiences and awareness determines the nature of leisure and enjoyment in any vacation. The prospects of the visit have a role to play in assessing and evaluating the intensity of satisfaction in any tour. Sightsee that satisfies the goal and objective of the vacationer

Children With Intellectual Disabilities And The Effects Of Physical Activities

Children With Intellectual Disabilities And The Effects Of Physical Activities The research area will focus on the effects physical activities can have in the lives of children with intellectual disabilities (ID). In this research there will be a detailed account of the terms intellectual disabilities, social interaction and physical activities. This research aims to find the effects physical activities can have on such things as health and in particular the social interaction that occurs due to clubs and groups catered for the disabled. The researcher will be looking closely into the effects having a disabled child can have on parents and sibling and how social gatherings in the form of physical activities can help support families. The author will also look into the accessibility and availability of such social gatherings in the Castlebar, Co. Mayo area. 1.1.1 A little bit of history. People with intellectual disabilities exist in all societies and have been recorded throughout history. The earliest record is possibly the Papyrus of Thebes (1552 BC) cited in Bray A. (2003). They have had various names and titles some were very offending while others believed them to be angles and incapable of sin, Bray A (2003). There is actually very little evidence of the type of life people with intellectual disabilities lived in regards to how their families and the general population treated them. The name or title give can have an effect on how society perceives them. Many people still associate intellectual disabilities with mental illnesses this is not the case. An intellectual disability is not a disease it is a permanent condition that cant be cured it can however be improved with the proper help and facilities. Irelands special needs education system has gone through three stages these are the era of neglect and denial, the era of the special schools and the era of intergration or inclusion Swan (2000) cited in Flood, 2010. It wasnt untill 1831 that it was compulcory that children go to school. The government did not however think the education of children with special needs was important they felt that their needs were merely medical. From 1919 to the early 1990s special needs education was run by religious orders. It wasnt untill these religious orders started to rapidly decline that the state took over. At this time there was also a increse in awarness. It was also found that irish special needs fasilities were way behind any other nation these caused big chance in the govermenta policy and new pieces of legislation was introduced. Today there is a tolal of 107 special schools in Ireland. It was in the mid 1980s that people started to lobby for children with special needs to be intergrat ed into mainstreem schools. Over two thousand children were being educated in mainstreem school by 1993. There will always be changing thoughts on intellectual disabilities and the definitions and terms used as the times change and technology improves that is why it is important to continue reading and informing oneself on these topics, if you are interested in working in this area. 1.2 Justification Many parents can feel isolated and uninformed when they have a child with a disability. I feel that a social group for the whole family can play a vital part in helping families cope and expand their social networks and get a chance to meet other parents in the same situation. I believe that organised social settings are just as important for the family as they are for the disabled child. I feel it is important that siblings are involved in such groups and I wish to look into this further. In Ireland, close to 10% of the population have a disability or long-lasting health problem and more than 60% of these have more than one disability. (NDA website) This is a very high statistic and autism is on the rise in Ireland, I feel that this is a very underdeveloped area in the Irish education system and in outdoor education organization. I think it deserves to be researched properly and developed in a way that can be beneficial to people with physical and mental disabilities as well as their families and carers. I hope that if I were to show the benefits physical activity had on people with intellectual disabilities and how participating in these sport can help social interaction. I could use that information later on to help run and improve such courses. As families play such a vital part in the lives of people with disabilities I feel that this is worthy of research. In Castlebar, there are many courses run for people with disabilities but there is not a very high attendance rate in many of the courses. I hope to look at this in more detail and investigate the accessibility of these courses. Accessibility Outdoor education Ability is of little account without opportunity Napoleon Bonaparte Physical activity for people with intellectual disabilities in Ireland Get Ireland Active -The National Guidelines on Physical Activity for Ireland This is a booklet that can be easily downloaded or read on http://www.getirelandactive.ie/. On this sight there is a clear layout Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this Literature review the author will review articles and case studies and compare them in the hope of gaining a greater knowledge of the meaning of Intellectual disabilities and the effects having a disabled child can have on a family. 2.2 Intellectual disabilities Intellectual disabilities, is not a term that can be easily explained. The use of and IQ test is usually how intellectual disability is accessed. The average IQ is 100, there are three levels of disability these are: Mild IQ 52-67: Slow to develop but can be educated with proper training and go on to live a normal, independent life. Moderate IQ 36-51: They will be able to contribute to family life and a variety of activities. With the proper facilities they can learn to care of themselves. They will need lifetime support in planning and organising their lives and social activities. Sever IQ 20-35: It is likely that they will have little or no speech. They will need lifetime care in communicating and taking care of themselves. Communication can be hard. The use of pictures and photographs may be needed to communicate. They can also have some physical impairment. (Latto, 1981) This is only a rough guide to intellectual disabilities many other factors can affect how a person will live their life factors such as proper education and health services. If a person with intellectual disabilities has a physical disability also this can hinder their learning and may lead to them needing additional external assistance. Two disabilities this author will be looking at are Autism and Downs Syndrome. This part of the study will look at the different definitions of special needs. As cited in Rosenthal-Malek (1997). People with autism are often characterized by their self-stimulatory behaviours such as body rocking, spinning, hand flapping, head-nodding, object-tapping, gazing at lights and mouthing (Lovaas et al. 1987, Sugai et al. 1986) This study Jonathan M. Harris et al. (2008) attempts to investigate the relationship between cognitive performance and three major theories that try to explain the traits associated with autism these are, theory of weak central coherence and executive function. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, social communication and by a restricted, repetitive range of interests and behaviours. The theory of weak central coherence (Firth 2003) cited Harris et al. (2006), this theory suggest that autistic people are more inclined to work better with separate units as opposed to larger units they are found to see an image embedded in a more complex pattern faster than people with a strong central coherence. The second, theory of mind (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985) cited Harris et al. (2006); this is the ability to work out from evidence rather than direct statement the mental states of others. Finally executive function theory (Hughes et al. 1994) cited Harris et al. (2006); this is basically the ability to multitask. The study suggests that there may be more reliable results if further research was to be done on the individual traits of autism. The article also suggests that the relationship between Theory of mind and executive performance may be more related to features of ASD than the individual traits. 2.2.1 What this means for the family We always have to focus on the disabled child. No one asks us how this is for us and how we can survive as a couple Cited in Hareide ( ) Many families find it difficult to come to terms with having a disabled child it can be a shock and sometimes it can be unexpected. Even families who know there might be something wrong with the child before its born can find it very difficult to understand and cope with everything when the child is born. In this part of the study the author intends to look into the effects having a disabled child can have on a family as a whole, the strains it can have on a partnership and the effects it can have on siblings. It is thought that there are more negative effects than positive ones. The author will look into both sides of this argument through previous studies and compare them to give the reader a greater knowledge of this area. In the first study Hareide looks into how the couples relationship can be affected and how it is important for them to have time to themselves. Hareide was at a talk on the cooperation between parents and professional helpers it was afterwards when she was telling some parents that she was an outreach worker for couples that she was asked to run a couples workshop in the upcoming year. She feels that the most important factor to good parenting is how the parents work as a couple. From this impulsive question three projects came about. A research project, six one-week courses and the national initiative: a three year project. The research project consisted of nineteen families. This project was set up to take a closer look at married couples relationships. The parents of seventeen children were interviewed; four of the couples were divorced. They used both a qualitative and narrative approach. They looked at such things as how having a disabled child affected their live, the life of their other children, and their relationship with professionals and how their marital life was affected by it here is the breakdown of their observations. The professionals: most of the families felt helpless in the hospital, they felt that there was no one there to talk to them. Some of the families came home with what they thought was a healthy baby, these couples found the uncertainty extremely hard. One couple however had a more positive story they were however one of the younger couples. This showed that maybe the hospitals are starting to improve slowly in the way they treat families with a new born. The main difficulty was being able to handle their own reactions and be there for their spouse also. One thing that was common in both the divorced couples was that the father was not doing enough in helping with the daily care. Where to live: many parents commented on how different areas offered different support. This fact had influenced where some parents wanted to live. Many parents talked about how they felt they needed to be ahead of the professionals always when it came to things like moving from kindergarden to elementary school. Many of these transitions were very hard for the parents especially things like the day their child moved away from home, they found it very hard to let go. Daily life: it is noted in earlier studies that the woman were the main care giver and the men were the wage earner. This studies shows that this is not the case anymore except for the oldest generation. Although the household chores and child care was equally shared the mothers were always thinking ahead and worried more. In the report it was found that parents who had a strong relationship led an easier and less stressful daily life. Family and friends: many of the couples found that their friends were either close or distance when they were told about the child. Many parents found a dramatic reduce in their circle of friends. They found this challenging. Almost all the parents that were in this study worked outside the home and the felt this was very important and had a very positive impact on their life. It was a normal place where they could go to be free of their hectic lives, cited in (Hareide). The couples also found that social engagment brought the couples closer. Other childern: this study states that it is said that the mother looks after the disabiled child while the father lookes after the other children. This however is not always the case. Whlie some of the couples talked about a sence of grief there was also talked of a grest joy they felt at some of the little things in their daily life. Some of the couples talked of a deep meaning that behind all that had happened in their life. Others found there was no meaning behind their childs disability and all the positive things their child had given them. From theis study we can gather two things: practical support is nessary to have a somewhat normal life and secondly, the couples relatioship is very important and should be concentrated on more. The the second study, six one-week courses were run for parents. The course lasted five days and the parents came without their children. There was three parts to the course, psychoeducation, counselling and recreation. The psycheducation was a workshop about how important their relationship was on their family as a whole. They talked about what life was like having a disabiled child and how that effected the rest of their family. This was a workshop that let parents talk about their worries and meet other parents that were in the same situation as them. There was a councling servise for all the couples so they could talk to a profesional about anything that might have derive form the workshop or previouse problems. The recration also played a vitle part in the coures the workshops didnt start till late so it gave the parents time to relax and sleep. They were incuraged to take walkes in the woods around them. Althouh this course was a little exclusive and didnt cather to the needs of working couples there was extremly high praise given to the course. Ministry of Children and Family Affairs in Norway made this a three year national initiative project. It sets out to cater for a greater range of people. One day courses and weekend courses are ran. It is aimed at enhancing communication, strenghtning relationships and preventing divorce in families with disabled children (Hareide) the feedback is very positive. More than nine hundred profecionals have taken part in build-up courses. In a two day confrence in 2003, 240 people took part. Due to the large mida cover this course has received the general public have become more aware of these issues. All this came from within eight years of that first all important conversation. One thing can be said from this article listen to the parents and let their voice be heard and let them have a say on what should be done (Hareide) This is a crusial if we are to open peoples eyes to the needs of families and work on inclusion in our everyday lives. In this next study (Davison Dosser, April 1982) talk about how a special support system set up to facilitate families who have a developmentally disabled child can benefit them. The transition to parenthood is normally a relatively short period whereas becoming a parent to a developmentally disabled child can be sudden and it takes a lot longer to become accustomed to this new life. Many families find the transition very difficult, there is a higher than average separation and divorce rate among parents of disabled children. Out of 215 families studied only 18% believed that they received enough information after the birth of their child. Most did however say that the medical services were good. (Davison Dosser, April 1982) One family talked of how while their physicians were friendly they offered no reassurances to them. Most families felt that if they were provided inititly with some support a lot of unnessary anxiety could have been avoided. Abramson, et al. 1977 cited in (Davison Dosser, April 1982) says that information and support systems should be available immeditaly after recieving the news of their childs disability. To offer them a chance to work through their feelings and get enough information to make informed disissions and to provide them with what to expect next. The structure of the parent helpers program: during this program parents get positive information to help them come to terms with their new situation. This program invites parents who have developmentaly disabiled children to come and talk to new parents on how they managed to succeed positively in dealing with theis life changing situation. these parents are given the name peer-parents. They are trained in the basic elements of counselling. This program runs from the basic idea that because these peer-parents have gone through the process they will be sincere and understanding. Secondly, peer-parents attend lectures and training on various developmental disabilities. Most importantly, peer-parents have been through this experience and have adjusted to it. Parents that want to become part of the peer-parent group attend a ten week, 20 hour training course. This course involves lots of role-playing and counselling skills. They play the part of both the helper and the helped this allows them to consider both sides and work through different problems. They are constantly giving feedback to each other and receiving it from the trainers. There are many different trainers in different profession, such as nurses and special educators. 2.3 Benefits of Physical activities on people with Intellectual disabilities In an early study Dunlap and Koegel (1980) attempt to find an alternative teaching method in relation to autistic childrens general learning. There have been suggestions that introducing stimuli variation can lead to an improvement in autistic childrens levels of motivation and general responses to learning. (Faw Nunnally 1968; Panyan Hall 1978; White, 1966; Zeaman, House Orlando, 1968) cited in Dunlop and Koegel (1980) suggests that the introduction of stimulus variation may serve to heighten responsivity to such antecedent stimuli. This study is designed to test this theory. The study consists of two methods of teaching. A constant task consists of one continues task throughout the session and a varied task is taught the same as a constant task but has one main objective and is combined with a variety of other tasks. Overall the results of this study showed that there was generally a clear decline in both children during the constant task and a very positive and considerable rise in correct responses when it came to the varied task. Although the responses improved during the varied tasks there were also correct responses in the early stages of the constant task. The study also suggests that this could show that the varying task might have been influencing the childrens motivation to respond rather than their ability to learn. The study shows that although it is clear that learning occurs through both techniques. It is plausible to speculate that the children may have been bored during the constant task conditions (Ross, 1977) cited in Dunlop and Koegel (1980). In this next study twelve years later Weber and Thorpe (1992) attempt to further Dunlaps (1990) studies by transferring hes findings to a physical education setting. Weber and Thorpe (1992) used two techniques similar to that of Dunlap (1980). Constant task Conditions (CT) and Distributed Learning (Task Variation-with-Maintenance-Task) Condition (TV). The study consisted of 12 autistic males aged 11-15. All students displayed many Self-stimulatory behaviours, all children were nonverbal and all displayed similar psychological behaviours. All sessions were run in a room with three bicycles ergo meters, one mini trampoline and a box with various balls. The teachers provided the participants with physical shaping, physical assistance, physical prompting and social reinforcements (Fait, 1960; French et al. 1982, Sherrill, 1986) cited Weber et al. (1992) until the student responded on their own. Correct responses were always acknowledged and incorrect responses resulted in a plain No (childs name) cited Weber et al. (1992). These tasks were Overhand throw, kick, vertical jump, slide, continuous bounce and underhand roll. Weber et al. (1992) the article stated that there was a significant benefit to TV. The study shows that the TV has an overall higher success rate than that of CT. In the high level of skills acquired within the classroom. The study shows that Distributed Learning Condition (TV) can deal more efficiently with short attention span, one of the stronger traits of a person with autism. These results have a significant impact on teaching children and adolescents with autism. Task variation has a better impact then constant task method. Maintained tasks may help the student to retain the skills learned. Tasks being changed every 2-3 min appears to be extremely effective in holding the short attention of a person with autism. Teaching stations or something similar would more than likely improve learning. In this study Rosenthal-Malek (1997), attempts to look into the effects of aerobic activities on adolescents with autism. The author felt that there was not sufficient study done on these effects on adolescents with autism. The author also set out to investigate these effects on task performances in a workshop as well as in academic situations. The study took place in a public school and a community-based workshop programme with five autistic male adolescents. The author used two different preconditions an aerobic exercise and an academic precondition. The aerobic exercise consisted of a warm-up stretches and some mild jogging. The academic precondition consisted of a mixture of academic subjects taught the same way as a usual class. After every precondition either workshop or an academic condition was run as usual by the teacher. The author instructed the teacher not to attempt to control the childrens Self-stimulatory behaviour. The author noted the self-stimulatory behaviours as well as their academic responses. The results showed that there is a significant decrease in the levels of Self-stimulatory behaviours after the aerobic exercise. The level of correct responses increased dramatically and the number of tasks completed in the workshop also increased, compared to regular academic preconditions. The author was aware at the star of the study that the physical activities might result in negative effects such as fatigue. The author noted that physical activities do not appear to negatively affect any of the positive traits in this population. The author also finds that because of the simple nature of these activities the teacher does not need to be extensively trained and it relies on minimum equipment. The article states that there is a lack of research into the long term effects of aerobic activities on adolescents with autism and their behaviours. The benefit of physical exercise is very clear. Rosenthal-Malek (1997) proves that with a simple 20 min aerobics class the students self-stimulatory behaviours dramatically decrease and their learning increases. Todd and Reid (2006) also back this. A later study by Chien-Yu Pan (2009) also provides strong evidence towards physical activities and suggests that favourable environments and social interaction has the potential to make subsequent positive behaviours. Jonathan M. Harris et al. (2008) suggest that further research is needed in the traits of autism and how they relate to each other. There is little evidence to show that Ireland has incorporated any of these findings to their full potential. The author feels that there is a lot more to be done in this area in regards to Ireland. 2.3 Health improvements Intellectually disabled people have physical injuries and health issues just like anyone else. Many people with ID also have a physical disability. It is very important that before they start exercise that they are physically fit to do so. Many can have poor posture and such people will benefit greatly from exercise, Latto (1981). Special Physical activities that are catered for such disabilities can help build mussels and improve their posture. People with physical disabilities as well as mental disabilities may find it harder to take part in some activities. This is where a good coach comes in to facilitate all members of the team. Sometimes things like running, jumping or hopping might be difficult for a severely disabled person to do. The smallest bit of cardiovascular exercises can be of huge benefit to such a person. There are many studies done on the benefits of physical activities on the population as a whole, there is however not a great deal known about the benefits on people with intellectual disabilities. This next study by Dan Gordon discusses the benefits of exercise on to a Downs syndrome population. A recent study showed, Pastore et al (200) cited in Gordon (2006), that out of 42 individuals with Downs 43% were classed as obese and 61% showed low exercise tolerance these are just some of the frightening findings. This paper gives a review of previous articles that discuses different types of exercise. The author gives his opinion and offers recommendations on fitness regimes for people with intellectual disabilities. 2.3 Social interaction Many children with ID need to be thought how to play. This plays a vital part in the development of any child. Play eventually leads to sport and this leads to social inclusion. When working with intellectual disabled children play needs to be organised so they can learn how toys and games work. This can also be said when they get older and start playing sports and other activities. This next article shows the importance of organised sport and how physical activity can help improve social interaction. Chien-Yu Pan (2009), attempts to further the study of children with autism by introducing the concept of age and social engagement in relation to physical activity. In this article the author carried out a five day observation on twenty-five school children between the ages of 7 and 12 during their 10-20 min recess and their 40 min physical education class. The author noted the amount of physical activity the children were involved in and their social engagement throughout the day at school. The results showed that on average the children with ASD had a higher rate of activity and were more social during physical education than recess. The author also finds that according to the results that age has a significant impact on the amount of physical activities the children participative in. The author also feels that there is not sufficient enough research in the connection between age and physical activity and that this study shows that it is a very important factor in why autistic children participate in physical activities. In this study the author notes that the children with ASD participate more as they aged and their overall social interaction is a lot higher in physical education as they grow older, in elementary school. The author feels that this is because of the more structured and supervised physical education classes. The children were observed in both physical education and recess and they were found to pay more attention, giving feedback and participating in physical education, unlike the recess results where the children were noted to be spending most of their time not interacting with the other children. Mundy et al. (2007) as cited in Chien-Yu Pan (2008) suggest that favourable environments and social interaction has the potential to make subsequent positive behaviours. 2.3.4 Mental improvements In this nest study Todd and Reid (2006) attempt to examine the impact of an intervention programme that included edible reinforcements, verbal praise and self-monitoring on sustained physical activity of adolescents and a young adult with autism. (Todd et al. 2006). The author used three young men. All students attended a Canadian school for individuals with severe disabilities. The school had no physical education class available. The physical activity programme consisted of two one hour lessons a week either in the park or inside the school, 15 min walk to the park 30 min walking/jogging or snowshoeing then, the 15 min walk back. The author laid out a circuit and the young men followed the circuit any way they pleased in the half hour. For every lap they did they got a smiley sticker to put on their self-monitoring board when they did this they received a sweet. They were also verbally encouraged as they went around. The study intended to examine these techniques. As the lessons went on the author reduced the number of edible reinforcements. By the end of the lesson the participants stopped receiving edible reinforcements and only got verbally encouraged. The result of this study show that programmes that do not require high skill and can be incorporate individuals of different skill levels are beneficial in educational settings (Berkeley et al., 2001) cited in Todd and Reid (2006). The author stated that although the edible reinforcements were gradually wiped out the physical activity increased. The self-monitoring continued throughout the course. The author also feels that further research is needed in the effects of self-monitoring. 2.4 What these benefits mean for the family, Teachers or carers 2.5 Conclusion Chapter 3: The Methodology Methodology introduction The researcher intends to Possible Groups There is a Saturday club that runs every second Saturday in the Hall in St Geralds College, Castlebar from 11am-12.15pm. The author intends to attend this club on the 13th of November. The club is for children with disabilities as well their family and friends. It doesnt cost anything. There is a range of different sports including Basketball, football in addition to this general games and fun. During this time the author will talk to parents and children in an informal way to get their feedback on such a club and any other activities they might participant in. This will give the author a base to work from when compiling the questionnaire and interview question. There is also an Inclusive Gymnastics class for Children that runs in Breaffy school gym on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday from 4.30-6.30. As well as this a PE class on Friday morning in St. Anthonys hall from 9.30-12. The author called Loraine on 10.11.10 and discussed the possibility of attending one of these days. The author will attend Breaffy on Wednesday the 17th of November. She proposes to assist the teacher and shadow her work to comply a list of questions and observations to add with her questionnaire that will be used at a later date. The author also works with two adults with Downs syndrome in the swimming pool

Racial Profiling :: Black Lives Matter Essays

Racial Profiling is a serious discrimination against certain ethnic races. Contrary to popular belief, racial profiling can happen anytime and anywhere. It is important for us to realize that racial profiling is disrespectful to the people who are targeted and it is a crime. People should not be targeted just because of their race or color. Racial profiling has become one of the most controversial practices widely used knowingly or unknowingly in police departments, airport security systems and other government agencies across the world. The world there has been numerous incidents where people have been arrested, detained, and even beaten because of their ethnicity. A good example is incident that happened this April. A Man named Isaac Williams was arrested after taking his daily â€Å"walks† his doctor prescribed him. At the current time Peel regional police searching for a breaking and entering. Williams was spotted and was detained in a cruiser and interrogated by an officer repeatedly shouting at him. However, it does not end there, after Williams was released there was a press conference that claimed that if Williams was a different race he would not have been interviewed. Williams is filing a case against Peel Regional Police. Incidents like Williams case happens to often around the world. Even though r acial profiling is a disgraceful method, some may argue that racial profiling is necessary measure to keep the world safe from unwanted threats. They will argue that Racial Profiling is an important measure to keep away terrorist activities and capture criminals who might be smuggling drugs or human trafficking. However, there are better ways to identify these criminals. Behavioral profiling should be the main form of identifying potential criminals because, instead of using race as a key point in identifying potentially threatening criminals, behavioral profiling uses someone’s behavior to identify criminals. This method will not discriminate people of different races and will be more efficient then racial profiling. Racial Profiling has started to spread too many places around the world; we need to let the world know that arresting people solely on their race is a discriminatory and wrong practice. To some people, Racial Profiling is considered as â€Å"morally wrong†. That means that is like putting certain races into a lower class while putting other races in a higher class. This practice is wrong because in most countries we consider that all people are equal and they deserve to be treated equal.

Computerized Data Acquisition of a Second Order Reaction Essay

The rates at which reactions occur depend on the composition and the temperature of the reaction mixture. Usually the rate of reaction is found to be proportional to the concentrations of the reactants raised to a power.1 There are many reactions that have a rate law in the form of: (1) v = k[A]a[B]b According to reference1 the power to which the concentration of a species (product or reactant) is raised in a rate law of this nature is the order of the reaction with respect to that species. In equation (1) first order with respect to [A] and first order with respect to [B]; however, the overall reaction is the sum of the individual orders. Thus we have a second order reaction. In this experiment a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion ([Fe(CN)6]3-) oxidizes ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) by the following reaction: (2) 2[Fe(CN)6]3- + C6H8O6 = 2[Fe(CN)6]4- + C6H6O6 + 2H+ The reaction above is of a first order reaction at room temperature with respect to individual reactants; therefore the reaction stoichiometry and rate law at time t are: (3) aA + bBproducts and (4) -d[A] = k[A] [B] where [A] represents the concentration of ascorbic acid and [B] represents the concentrations of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t. For this experiment we will use an integrated rate law in the form of: (5) ln [A] = b [A]0 – a [B]0 kt + ln [A]0 where [A]0 and [B]0 are the initial concentrations of C6H8O6 and [Fe(CN)6]3- and a=1 and b=2. From equation (5), it is possible to calculate the second-order rate constant k by plotting ln [A]/[B] against time (find slope of line where b=2 and a=1). EDTA in this experiment is used as a masking agent to hide metal ions that would normally interfere with the analysis in this reaction. Thus the absorbance of [Fe(CN)6]3- at time t is given by: (6) Absorbance = 1012 [Fe(CN)6]3- The oxidation of C6H8O6 by [Fe(CN)6]3- involves a mechanism that consists of 3 steps.2 In the first step, the ascorbate ion (AH-) is rapidly formed by ionization of the ascorbic acid. (7) AH2 AH – + H+ Following the ionization is the slow rate-determining step, the oxidation of the ascorbate ion to an ascorbate free radical (AH∙): (8) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH-[Fe(CN)6]4- + AH∙ During the final step, an electron is rapidly transferred from the ascorbate free radical to the hexacyanoferrate(III) anion, producing dehydroascorbic acid (A): (9) [Fe(CN)6]3- + AH- [Fe(CN)6]4- + A + H+ The slow rate-determining step is an ionic reaction between [Fe(CN)6]3- and AH-. According to reference3, the specific rate constant of an ionic reaction in aqueous solution depends on two factors: the ionic strength I of the solution and on the charges ZA and ZB of the ionic species reacting to for the activated complex. (10) log k = log k0 + 1.02ZAZB I1/2 Experimental All reagents in this experiment were of reagent grade. Mass measurements were taken on a Shimadzu Libror AEG-120 analytical scale with an uncertainty of  ±0.0001. Manual data acquisition was taken with a Barnstead/Turner SP-830 spectrophotometer and a stopwatch. The computerized data acquisition was completed by a Cary 50 Bio. The experiment began by preparing four solutions of 1 x 10-3 M of K3Fe(CN)6 with varied concentrations of NaNO3: 0.025 M, 0.05 M, 0.1 M and 0.2 M. This was completed by dissolving 0.0329245 ( ±0.001) g of K3Fe(CN)6 with the specified concentrations of NaNO3 and deionized water in a 100 mL volumetric flask. A 25 mL aliquot of each solution was transferred into a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and the temperature of the aliquot was recorded. Next, a 500 mL 2.5 x 10-4 M solution of ascorbic acid was prepared by using a standardized 0.01 M HNO3 solution dissolved in 0.005 g of EDTA and deionized water. A 25 mL aliquot was transferred into each of the four 100 mL beakers by using a 25 mL pipet. The spectrophotometer was set to 418 nm and the absorbance reading was zeroed by using deionized water as a standard. The ascorbic acid in the beaker was poured into the K3Fe(CN)6 solution and the timer was immediately started. The Erlenmeyer flask was swirled for 2-3 seconds before pouring the reacting mixture into a 1-cm cuvette. The cuvette was conditioned with the reacting solution 4 times before being placed into the sample holder of the spectrophotometer. An absorbance reading was taken at 30 seconds and every 30 seconds thereafter for a total of 6 minutes. The same process was implemented with the Cary 50 Bio except that each sample was analyzed by the computer for 7 minutes and 53 seconds. Data/Results

Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Example

Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Example Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay Nestles Proposal for Finane Essay David Ho English 100w Nestle vs. PepsiCo Individual research proposal David Ho has selected Nestle as the company to compare to PepsiCo. Nestle is the largest food company in the world measured by revenue. Nestle products includes baby food, bottled water, breakfast cereals, coffee, dairy products, candy, ice cream, pet foods, and snacks. Nestle’s most popular brands include food products from various categories such as Cerlac, Pure life water, Cookie Crisp cereal, Kit Kat, Crunch, Toll house, Power Bar, Dreyer’s Ice cream, Nesquik, Milo, Juicy Juice, Nestea, Lean Cuisine, and Jenny Craig. I will compare the following categories of Nestle to PepsiCo. * Marketing * Finance and Accounting * Human Resource and Management * Operations Marketing Like PepsiCo, Nestle is a global snack and beverage company, and it uses various global marketing strategies to sell its food (Kit Kat, Crunch, Toll house cookies, Power bar, Dereyer’s Ice cream) , and drink (Nesquik, Milo, Juicy Juice, Nestea) products. Here I will compare the amount of money Nestle and PepsiCo spends annually on advertising and how each company uses demographics to target and attract their consumer interest. Nestle and PepsiCo both have strong innovations to enhance lives, although Nestle has been doing it longer, they both are very successful in this innovation. Marketing strategy plays one of the most important roles in any business as it is the main factor in successfully advertising and selling of any products and services. Marketing catches the eyes of consumers into wanting to buy the company’s products. It is important to bring about this factor as one of the most important keys in a successful company. Finance and accounting In addition to marketing a firm’s products, the finance area of business is crucial to starting and maintaining a company. To open or start a business, many sources of finance are needed, such as grants or loans, to buy essential equipment required for the success of the company such as buildings, vehicles, and other tools. I will tell in detail the financial needs of Nestle and PepsiCo. I plan to focus on how the company got started, including the founders, how long it took them to succeed, and how they got to where they are today. I also plan to describe Nestle and PepsiCo’s initial and subsequent Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, including how they managed their IPO. I will also classify the firm’s acquisitions, their partnerships, and their investors. Finally, I will describe PepsiCo’s future financial plans in comparison with Nestle including profit projections and strategic expansion goals. Finance is the backbone of the company; it covers all of the critical money-related issues that keep the company strong and expanding. Human Resource and Management After identifying what Nestle and PepsiCo does and how they manage their finances, I will explain who the people responsible for the company’s success are. Here, I will compare the two companies’ mission statement, organization and governance structures, loyal employees, and each company’s positive company culture. These aspects heavily influence the overall success of any company in the world marketplace. Operations Finally, I will compare the structure of Pepsico’s and Nestle’s global operations and their expansions around the world. I will also compare how each operation has grown and changed over time, including the production of goods at each working plant. I will explain how products from each company distribute their products among their consumers and describe each company’s trademarks and patents. Finally, I will compare Nestle’s and PepsiCo’s operational goals and accomplishments. Operations are also one of the most important branches of a firm for they help with providing products to market and bringing in income.

Free Essays on Good Emperors

The Five Good Emperors known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD, following the Flavian Dynasty. They were called this because they won the support and support of the senate, which is something their predecessors had been unsuccessful to do. The period of the five good emperors was mainly famous for the peaceful way of succession. Each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir, preventing the political chaos related with the succession both before and after this period.(1) The first of these great emperors was Marcus Cocceius Nerva, ruling from 96-98 AD, who was selected to take the throne by the assassins of the prior emperor, Domitian. He was an old-fashioned man who promised to deal with the senate fairly and never put one of its members to death. The key things that characterize the control of Nerva are his excellent relations with the senate, his achievement of Dominitan's projects, his immense amount of expenses on securing public good will, his effort to boost resident loathe for Dominitan, and the fact that he initiated an arrangement of adopting heirs to make certain the run of the best candidates. He adopted Trajan to be his heir, and thus inheriting the throne after him. The second emperor, Trajan, was in power from 98-117 and began his reign with display, killing all the leaders of the group who had humiliated Nerva. He was named Optimus Maximus, meaning the best because of his respect for the senate and a series of foreign wars in which he attempted to expand the empire. He is well known for his assistance to public services, including a raise in the free distribution of food, the repair of roads, and the construction of the Forum, Market, and baths of Trajan. He adopted Hadrian, who became his heir. Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Hadrian, the third of the great emperors to rule Rome, was in power from 117-138. His first ac... Free Essays on Good Emperors Free Essays on Good Emperors The Five Good Emperors known as Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, were a series of excellent emperors who ruled in Rome from 96-180 AD, following the Flavian Dynasty. They were called this because they won the support and support of the senate, which is something their predecessors had been unsuccessful to do. The period of the five good emperors was mainly famous for the peaceful way of succession. Each emperor chose his successor by adopting an heir, preventing the political chaos related with the succession both before and after this period.(1) The first of these great emperors was Marcus Cocceius Nerva, ruling from 96-98 AD, who was selected to take the throne by the assassins of the prior emperor, Domitian. He was an old-fashioned man who promised to deal with the senate fairly and never put one of its members to death. The key things that characterize the control of Nerva are his excellent relations with the senate, his achievement of Dominitan's projects, his immense amount of expenses on securing public good will, his effort to boost resident loathe for Dominitan, and the fact that he initiated an arrangement of adopting heirs to make certain the run of the best candidates. He adopted Trajan to be his heir, and thus inheriting the throne after him. The second emperor, Trajan, was in power from 98-117 and began his reign with display, killing all the leaders of the group who had humiliated Nerva. He was named Optimus Maximus, meaning the best because of his respect for the senate and a series of foreign wars in which he attempted to expand the empire. He is well known for his assistance to public services, including a raise in the free distribution of food, the repair of roads, and the construction of the Forum, Market, and baths of Trajan. He adopted Hadrian, who became his heir. Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Hadrian, the third of the great emperors to rule Rome, was in power from 117-138. His first ac...

Traditional Cultures Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Traditional Cultures Report - Essay Example Forces contributing to cultural change Modernization has been examined as a force that causes cultural change in the social structure as a culture. It is through modernization that societies have experience urbanization, industrialization and social change that transform the lives of people in the different societies. Modernization tends to be a positive force that impacts the social structure in that it is because of it that societies have moved from barbarism to civilization. However, it is also evident that modernization may have a negative impact on the social structure in terms of the destruction it causes to the traditions of the different societies. This is thought to be, as a result of, the incorporation of some aspects of westernization. It is as a result of, this that social structures have been destroyed since the indigenous cultures have been replaced by some western cultures (Sijuwade, 126). Research reveals that globalization is one of the forces that have contributed t o the changes experienced in the social structure. This can be illustrated from changes in the social structures of the different African communities. Globalization tends to have both positive and negative impacts on the social structure. It has resulted to changes in the social structure from changes in the lifestyles, thoughts and technology. ... ion is thought to have a positive impact on the social structure in that it enhanced evolution of the cultural processes of some societies through the exposure of people to different ways of thinking. It is because of some global trends that societies get to know more about each other, therefore, improving the social structure of communities as a cultural aspect (Sijuwade, 126). Reasons why the change seems inevitable The changes that have been experienced in the social structure seem to be inevitable. This is because of the increased processes of modernization and globalization. The changes in the social structures of the different societies seem to be for the best. This is because when human communities from different societies share information through global networks of information the cultural understanding is normally enhanced, therefore, resulting to an improvement in the lives of individuals within the different societies. An example of this is evident in the African society. It is evident that many changes associated with the development have taken place in the African society as a result of globalization. Despite the negative views concerning the impacts of modernization and globalization of the social structure. People should embrace the changes that have been experienced in the social structure because of the advancements they bring to the society (Sijuwade, 127). Globalization has also had an impact on the social structure of communities through the establishment of online communities. Some of the factors that have been lost include the destruction of social structures through the establishment of new identities. However, it has enhanced the acquisition of new ideas, therefore, resulting to the development of social structures (Sijuwade, 127). An

Does Billy receive a fair trial Herman Melville Billy Budd Essay

Does Billy receive a fair trial Herman Melville Billy Budd - Essay Example The outcome of the trial goes to show how a composite plot, ably supported by ingenuity of narrative techniques, can be made analogous to a set of clandestine attributes of legal procedures. The thesis question to be resolved in this paper is whether Billy Budd receives a just trial or not, following the crime he commits after being charged with mutinous provocations. Judgment on the fate of Billy is legitimized per se by a number of factors that are ingrained in the protagonist’s characteristic features as well as in some external stimuli. Minkowitz argues that while Billy embodies ‘moral goodness and grace’ and is well liked among his colleagues, the ship’s master-at-arms John Claggart is ‘sinister’ (4). This perplexes the readers for they know who the culprit is according to the law. But mere understanding of the legal righteousness fails to provide an accurate picture of the author’s intentions. Captain Vere, for instance, is portrayed as a person of contradictory dispositions. He is stuck between the loftier ethics of law, which he is supposed to adhere to out of his professional responsibilities, and the apparent leniency of divine justice. He is the only person who knows that Billy is both clean-handed and guilty (Parker 37) and yet, he must convict Billy for his crime. It is apparent that the execution of Billy Budd symbolically represents a ‘justified animosity into a retributive righteousness’ (Melville 78). The question about whether Billy Budd receives justice or not is answered by Yannella: †¦Vere prejudges the case against Billy, uses irregular proceedings to convict him, and then executes him in a gross miscarriage of justice†¦Vere’s conservative rationale for hanging Billy, of course, is that it will silence and tame the sailors, who otherwise will take the captain’s inaction as a sign of weakness and an excuse to rebel (27-8). It is, therefore, quite clear that Billy Budd does not receive